PMC

(A) Example of a right superficial palmar arch, as classically described in the literature, showing all the branches measured in the current study. A, ulnar artery; B, superficial branch of the radial artery to the superficial palmar arch; C, radial index artery, as a branch of the 1st common digital artery (#); D, princeps policis artery as a branch of the 1st common digital artery (#). Asterisks indicate the 2nd, 3rd and 4th common digital arteries. Arrow indicates the digitus minimus artery. (B) Schematic drawing of a left superficial palmar arch, as classically described in the literature, including all its branches measured in the current study. *, The radial artery continuation, after giving off its superficial branch; **, the deep branch of the ulnar artery, to the deep palmar arch. Letters indicate the site of arterial diameter measurements. A, radial artery; B, superficial branch of the radial artery to the superficial palmar arch; C, ulnar artery to the superficial palmar arch; D, princeps policis artery as a branch of the 1st common digital artery (J); E, radial index artery, as a branch of the 1st common digital artery (J); F, 2nd common digital artery; G, 3rd common digital artery; H, 4th common digital artery; I, digitus minimus artery. (C) The most common variation reported here: note the presence of a small radial artery branch to the arch (dashed line) that arose dorsally and passed into the palm to reach the ulnar artery. (D) An incomplete superficial palmar arch, with contributions from both ulnar and radial arteries. (E) An incomplete superficial palmar arch formed only by the ulnar artery. (F) An incomplete superficial palmar arch in which the median artery substitutes the radial artery vascular territory. (G) A superficial palmar arch in which the median artery substituted the radial artery to complete the arch.

(A) Canonical tree showing relationships between major metazoan clades. The Bilateria consists of two branches: Protostomia (red, Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa) and Deuterostomia (blue, Chordata and Xenambulacraria). (B) Comparison of branch lengths from the bilaterian common ancestor to the deuterostome common ancestor (blue) and to the protostome common ancestor (red). In five datasets, the protostome branch is twice as long as the deuterostome branch. (C) Comparison of decrease in lnLikelihood of a tree in which the protostome or deuterostome branch has been collapsed (∆lnL). In five datasets, collapsing the protostome branch reduces lnL considerably more than collapsing the deuterostome branch. (D) Comparison of estimated protostome and deuterostome branch lengths for individual genes. Genes from all five datasets are ordered by the difference in length between protostome and deuterostome branches. In 3376 out of 4826 genes (69.9%), the protostome branch is longer. (E) Comparison of protostome and deuterostome ∆lnL for individual genes. Genes from all five datasets are ordered by the difference in ∆lnL between protostomes and deuterostomes. In 3312 out of 4826 genes (68.6%), the protostome ∆lnL is larger. All analyses used the LG + F + G model.

(A) Inverted fluorescence image of LAMP1-Emerald at a branch junction (magenta box) of a DRG neuron. Three regions surrounding the junction are marked by colored lines: common pre-junction axon (blue), branch (green), and axon (red).
(B) Kymograph (left panels) of LAMP1 movement between the common axon region and either the branch (top) or the axon (bottom) at the branch junction (magenta box) over a 2-min period. Transport trajectories (blue, green, and red lines) moving through the branch junction (yellow dashed line) are shown by schematic drawing (right panels).
(C–D) Impact of branch length on Ant. transport at branch junctions (n = 136). Quantification of the transport probability (aT_A%, aT_B%) into axon or branch (C) and plot of the probability into axon (aT_A%) against the length ratio (L_B/L_A) (D). Logistic regression is shown by the dashed line.
(E–F) Plot of the Ant. transport probability into axon (aT_A%) against the ratio of branch caliber (W_B/W_A) (E, n = 81) or angle (ϴ_B/ϴ_A) (F, n = 136). Logistic regression is shown by the dashed lines.
(G) Impact of GC motility on Ant. transport. Comparison of the transport probability into axon (aT_A%) between three motility groups for branch and axon GCs: both dynamic (D/D, n = 62), static branch and dynamic axon (S/D, n = 48), and dynamic branch and static axon (D/S, n = 19).
(H) Logistic regression analysis of the Ant. transport probability (aT_A%, n = 129) against both GC motility and the length ratio (L_B/L_A, in log10 scale). Logistic regression is shown by dashed lines for each GC motility group.
Scale bars: 10 μm. (C) Mann-Whitney test; (G) Kruskal-Wallis test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.005 ****p < 0.001. Error bars: SEM.

The circles represent common ancestors: the common ancestor of A, B, and C (black circle), the common ancestor of D and E (white circle), and the overall common ancestor of all five (grey circle). (A) A phylogeny generated using the no-clock model of evolution. Such phylogenies are “unrooted”; that is, the position of the overall common ancestor cannot be identified. Branch lengths represent genetic distance, not time. (B) A phylogeny generated using the relaxed-clock model. The overall common ancestor is identified; hence the phylogeny is “rooted”. Branch lengths represent time. The thickness of each branch indicates the rate of evolution of that branch. (C) A phylogeny generated using the strict-clock model. This is the same as the relaxed-clock case, except that the rate of evolution is identical for every branch.